Testicular or scrotal pain may be acute or chronic and can result from infection, trauma, varicocele, hydrocele, hernia, prior surgery, nerve-related pain, pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, or other causes. Often, the exact cause may not be readily identifiable despite a thorough workup.

Evaluation includes a detailed history and physical examination, with urine testing and scrotal ultrasound when indicated.

Treatment is directed at the underlying cause and may range from conservative management and medications to pelvic floor physical therapy, targeted procedures, nerve-directed treatments, or surgery for selected patients with persistent pain.